
Three ideas of justice
- Maximise welfare
- Respect freedom
- Promote virtue
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) – Utilitarianism “greatest happiness principle”
- The right thing to do is whatever maximise happiness (quantity) to the community as a whole (trolley)
- Overall balance of pleasure over pain
- Natural rights is non-sense (e.g. throwing Christian to lions for entertainment)
- No quality distinction among pleasures (“push-pin is as good as poetry”) – all values can be measured & compared on a single scale
- (corpse waxed on display for UCL, attend meeting “present but not voting”)
Objections against Utilitarianism
- Fails to respect individual rights and fails to respect dignity of human beings
- All values can’t be captured by a common currency of values (e.g. Philip Morris, Ford Pinto – cost & benefit analysis with monetary values on human life)
JS Mill (1806-1873) – Utilitarianism can distinguish higher pleasures from lowers one
- On Liberty (1859)
- Can distinguish higher and lower pleasures (by quality, not just by quantity or intensity)
- The higher pleasure are not higher because we prefer them; we prefer them because it engages our highest faculties and make us more fully human
- Celebration of individuality
- People should be free to do whatever they want, provided they do no harm to others
- “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is only because they only know their own side of the question.”